アクターモデルをソフトウェアとして実装する作業は MIT の Message Passing Semantics Group で行われた。また、カリフォルニア工科大学の Chuck Seitz と MIT の Bill Dally に率いられたチームはアクターモデルに基づくメッセージパッシングを使用したコンピュータアーキテクチャを構築した。
TTCN(Testing and Test Control Notation)はアクターモデルにある程度基づいている。TTCN では、アクターとはテスト部品であり、パラレルテスト部品(PTC) と主要テスト部品(MTC)がある。テスト部品は(他のテスト部品やテストシステムと)メッセージを送受信し、通信相手をアドレスで識別する。各テスト部品は固有の動作ツリーを持ち、並行的に動作し、他のテスト部品を動的に生成する。組み込み言語機能により受信したメッセージの種類に対応した動作を記述できる。
アクターモデルの自然な発展として、メッセージ内のアドレスが含まれるようになった。パケット通信[1961 and 1964]に影響され、ヒューイットは形式が固定されていない通信を使った新たな並行計算のモデルを提案した。例えば、メッセージは空でもよい。もちろん、送信側が受信側に新たなアクセスすべきアドレスを伝えたい場合、通信によってそれが伝えられる。
アクターモデルで送信された順番にメッセージが受信されるべきだという要求にたいしてヒューイットは反論した。出力の順序付けが必要なら、その機能を持つキューの役割をするアクターを導入すればよい。キュー・アクターは到着したメッセージをFIFO順にキューイングする。そのため、アクター X がアクター Y にメッセージ M1 を送り、X がその後に受け取ったメッセージに対応して新たにメッセージ M2 を Y に送った場合、M1 は M2 より先に Y に到着するとは限らない。
ロビン・ミルナー[1973]の論文は逐次型プロセスの合成でない並行性を扱っているという点で特筆すべきものである。アクターモデルとの違いは、固定個のプロセスを固定されたトポロジーで配置し、同期式のバッファ付き通信を使用している点である。アントニー・ホーア[1978]の Communicating Sequential Process モデルは、固定個の逐次型プロセスで構成された固定のトポロジーを持ち、同期式のバッファ付き通信を使用する。
ミルナーやホーアの初期のモデルは、有限の非決定性を持つ。その後、Communicating Sequential Process (CSP) は、無制限の非決定性を扱うよう拡張された([Hoare 1985]、[Roscoe 2005])。
Paul Baran. On Distributed Communications Networks IEEE Transactions on Communications Systems. March 1964.
Peter Landin. A Generalization of Jumps and Labels Report. UNIVAC Systems Programming Research. August 1965. Reprinted in Higher Order and Symbolic Computation. 1998.
Edsger DijkstraSolution of a Problem in Concurrent Programming Control Communications of the ACM. 1965.
Jack Dennis and Earl Van Horn. Programming Semantics for Multiprogrammed Computations CACM. March 1966.
Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Class and subclass declarations IFIP TC2 Conference on Simulation Programming Languages. May 1967.
Carl Hewitt. PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots IJCAI 1969
William A. Woods. Transition network grammars for natural language analysis CACM. 1970.
Terry Winograd. Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language MIT AI TR-235. January 1971.
Carl Hewitt. Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner IJCAI 1971.
G.M. Birtwistle, Ole-Johan Dahl, B. Myhrhaug and Kristen Nygaard. SIMULA Begin Auerbach Publishers Inc, 1973.
Daniel Bobrow: A Model for Control Structures for Artificial Intelligence Programming Languages IJCAI 1973.
Robin Milner. Processes: A Mathematical Model of Computing Agents in Logic Colloquium 1973.
Carl Hewitt, et. al.Actor Induction and Meta-evaluation Conference Record of ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, January 1974.
Carl Hewitt, et. al.Behavioral Semantics of Nonrecursive Control Structure Proceedings of Colloque sur la Programmation, April 1974.
C.A.R. Hoare. Monitors: An Operating System Structuring Concept CACM. October 1974.
Irene Greif and Carl Hewitt. Actor Semantics of PLANNER-73 Conference Record of ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. January 1975.
Carl Hewitt. How to Use What You Know IJCAI. September, 1975.
Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg. Smalltalk-72 Instruction Manual Xerox PARC Memo SSL-76-6. May 1976.
Edsger Dijkstra. A discipline of programming Prentice Hall. 1976.
Henry Baker and Carl Hewitt The Incremental Garbage Collection of Processes Proceeding of the Symposium on Artificial Intelligence Programming Languages. SIGPLAN Notices 12, August 1977.
Gilles Kahn and David MacQueen. Coroutines and networks of parallel processes IFIP. 1977
米澤明憲Specification and Verification Techniques for Parallel Programs Based on Message Passing Semantics MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. December 1977.
Carl Hewitt. Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages Journal of Artificial Intelligence. June 1977.
Henry Baker. Actor Systems for Real-Time Computation MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. January 1978.
C.A.R. Hoare. Communicating sequential processes CACM. August 1978.
Carl Hewitt and Russ Atkinson. Specification and Proof Techniques for Serializers IEEE Journal on Software Engineering. January 1979.
Ken Kahn. A Computational Theory of Animation MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. August 1979.
Carl Hewitt, Beppe Attardi, and Henry Lieberman. Delegation in Message Passing Proceedings of First International Conference on Distributed Systems Huntsville, AL. October 1979.
Nissim Francez, C.A.R. Hoare, Daniel Lehmann, and Willem-Paul de Roever. Semantics of nondetermiism, concurrency, and communication Journal of Computer and System Sciences. December 1979.
George Milne and Robin Milner. Concurrent processes and their syntax JACM. April 1979.
Russ Atkinson. Automatic Verification of Serializers MIT Doctoral Dissertation. June, 1980.
Bill Kornfeld and Carl Hewitt. The Scientific Community Metaphor IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. January 1981.
Henry Lieberman. Thinking About Lots of Things at Once without Getting Confused: Parallelism in Act 1 MIT AI memo 626. May 1981.
Henry Lieberman. A Preview of Act 1 MIT AI memo 625. June 1981.
Bill Kornfeld. Parallelism in Problem Solving MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. August 1981.
Daniel Theriault. A Primer for the Act-1 Language MIT AI memo 672. April 1982.
Daniel Theriault. Issues in the Design and Implementation of Act 2 MIT AI technical report 728. June 1983.
Henry Lieberman. An Object-Oriented Simulator for the Apiary Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D. C., August 1983
Carl Hewitt and Peter de Jong. Analyzing the Roles of Descriptions and Actions in Open Systems Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. August 1983.
Carl Hewitt and Henry Lieberman. Design Issues in Parallel Architecture for Artificial Intelligence MIT AI memo 750. Nov. 1983.
Daniel Ingalls. The Evolution of the Smalltalk Virtual Machine in Smalltalk-80: Bits of History, Words of Advice. Addison Wesley. 1983.
Carl Hewitt. The Challenge of Open Systems Byte Magazine. April 1985. Reprinted in The foundation of artificial intelligence---a sourcebook Cambridge University Press. 1990.
Carl Manning. Traveler: the actor observatory ECOOP 1987. Also appears in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 276.
William Athas and Charles Seitz Multicomputers: message-passing concurrent computers IEEE Computer August 1988.
William Athas and Nanette Boden Cantor: An Actor Programming System for Scientific Computing in Proceedings of the NSF Workshop on Object-Based Concurrent Programming. 1988. Special Issue of SIGPLAN Notices.
Jean-Pierre Briot. From objects to actors: Study of a limited symbiosis in Smalltalk-80 Rapport de Recherche 88-58, RXF-LITP, Paris, France, September 1988
William Dally and Wills, D. Universal mechanisms for concurrency PARLE 1989.
W. Horwat, A. Chien, and W. Dally. Experience with CST: Programming and Implementation PLDI. 1989.
Carl Hewitt. Towards Open Information Systems Semantics Proceedings of 10th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence. October 23-27, 1990. Bandera, Texas.
米澤明憲編 ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System MIT Press. 1990.
Carl Hewitt. Open Information Systems Semantics Journal of Artificial Intelligence. January 1991.
Carl Hewitt and Jeff Inman. DAI Betwixt and Between: From "Intelligent Agents" to Open Systems Science IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Nov./Dec. 1991.
Carl Hewitt and Gul Agha. Guarded Horn clause languages: are they deductive and Logical? International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems, Ohmsha 1988. Tokyo. Also in Artificial Intelligence at MIT, Vol. 2. MIT Press 1991.
William Dally, et al.The Message-Driven Processor: A Multicomputer Processing Node with Efficient Mechanisms IEEE Micro. April 1992.
S. Miriyala, G. Agha, and Y.Sami. Visulatizing actor programs using predicate transition nets Journal of Visual Programming. 1992.
Carl Hewitt and Carl Manning. Negotiation Architecture for Large-Scale Crisis Management AAAI-94 Workshop on Models of Conflict Management in Cooperative Problem Solving. Seattle, WA. Aug. 4, 1994.
Darrell Woelk. Developing InfoSleuth Agents Using Rosette: An Actor Based Language Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents. 1995.
Carl Hewitt and Carl Manning. Synthetic Infrastructures for Multi-Agency Systems Proceedings of ICMAS '96. Kyoto, Japan. December 8–13, 1996.
S. Frolund. Coordinating Distributed Objects: An Actor-Based Approach for Synchronization MIT Press. November 1996.
W. Kim. ThAL: An Actor System for Efficient and Scalable Concurrent Computing PhD thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. 1997.
Jean-Pierre Briot. Acttalk: A framework for object-oriented concurrent programming-design and experience 2nd France-Japan workshop. 1999.
N. Jamali, P. Thati, and G. Agha. An actor based architecture for customizing and controlling agent ensembles IEEE Intelligent Systems. 14(2). 1999.
Don Box, David Ehnebuske, Gopal Kakivaya, Andrew Layman, Noah Mendelsohn, Henrik Nielsen, Satish Thatte, Dave Winer. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1W3C Note. May 2000.
M. Astley, D. Sturman, and G. Agha. Customizable middleware for modular distributed software CACM. 44(5) 2001.
Carlos Varela. Worldwide Computing with Universal Actors: Linguistic Abstractions for Naming, Migration, and Coordination PhD thesis. U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2001.
N. Venkatasubramanian, C. Talcott, and G. Agha. A formal model for reasoning about adaptive QoS-enabled middleware Formal Methods Europe (FME). 2001.
P. Thati, R. Ziaei, and G. Agha. A Theory of May Testing for Actors Formal Methods for Open Object-based Distributed Systems. March 2002.
P. Thati, R. Ziaei, and G. Agha. A theory of may testing for asynchronous calculi with locality and no name matching Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology. Springer Verlag. September 2002. LNCS 2422.
Gul Agha and Carlos Varela. Worldwide Computing Middleware Practical Handbook on Internet Computing. CRC Press, 2004.
Stephen Neuendorffer. Actor-Oriented Metaprogramming PhD Thesis. University of California, Berkeley. December, 2004
Carl Hewitt. The repeated demise of logic programming and why it will be reincarnated What Went Wrong and Why: Lessons from AI Research and Applications. Technical Report SS-06-08. AAAI Press. March 2006.
外部リンク
Actors and Continuous Functionals by Carl Hewitt, Henry Baker. Proceeding of IFIP Working Conference on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. August 1-5, 1977.